星空传媒

01 / INTRODUCTION

Careful specification in the design of cladding systems, coupled with some other simple measures during construction and procurement, can reduce the whole-life carbon footprint of a prestige office development by over 16% for a cost increase of no more than 1.4%.

This represents a 7% saving in construction costs in comparison to delivering the same level of carbon reductions through renewable energy technologies.
This article previews the new CEN/TC 350 European standards for whole-life carbon assessment, and demonstrates the potential to deliver carbon and cost savings in prestige office developments through this process.

It provides a breakdown of the emissions associated with a typical building in the City of London (although many of the measures identified will be applicable in other locations), both before and after incorporating some of the low-carbon value engineering options.

Some of the issues whole-life carbon addresses are:

• Is it better from a carbon perspective to demolish an existing building and replace it with an efficient new building, given the additional construction emissions generated?
• How do we balance the carbon emissions generated in producing materials against the carbon savings achievable through improved lifetime building performance?
• How can we avoid unintended consequences of over-specification and avoid specifying materials and components that create excessive maintenance and repair liabilities in the future?
• What are the benefits of sourcing materials locally? Is getting the design right more important?
• How do the benefits of improved thermal mass compare with the costs of a more substantial structure?

With investors becoming increasingly risk averse and focusing on the best-performing assets - and tenants looking to reduce operating costs and comply with the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme - new developments today are expected to display green credentials and many feature innovative ways of reducing the energy used in operating and occupying buildings.

Yet this operational energy accounts for only part of a building鈥檚 whole-life carbon emissions.

As successive changes to the 星空传媒 Regulations continue to drive down emissions from regulated operational uses, the carbon embodied in construction materials and processes will become more significant as a target for reducing emissions further.

Meanwhile, in the prestige office sector, high churn rates, shorter leases and the risk of functional and aesthetic obsolescence keep the effective life of much building fabric far below its potential design life.

Refurbishment and fit-out cycles lead to an increase in the whole-life carbon footprint, as replacing components incurs emissions from not only the manufacture and installation of new products but also disposal of old ones.

02 / WHOLE-LIFE CARBON ASSESSMENT

Although not yet part of the mainstream construction process, whole-life carbon assessment has some influential friends, including the government鈥檚 chief construction adviser Paul Morrell.

In autumn 2010, Morrell鈥檚 innovation and growth team report called for its inclusion in the Treasury green book as soon as possible, and for a common methodology to be developed allowing embodied carbon to be taken into account in all design and scheme appraisal.

In response, the government announced its construction strategy last May, requiring the whole-life carbon emissions from all government projects to be managed through building information modelling by 2016.

Meanwhile, a common methodology is due to arrive in the form of the CEN/TC 350 standards for sustainable construction, which will provide a consistent approach to measuring the whole-life carbon emissions of building projects throughout Europe.

The first part of the standards, EN 15804, was published early in 2012 and establishes product category rules for environmental product declarations.
This should help to ensure that construction products are accompanied by certified and comparable information about the level of embodied carbon that they contain.

03 / ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The whole-life carbon cost models in this article are based on the new CEN/TC 350 family of standards. CEN/TC 350 identifies four stages in the life of a building - product manufacture, construction, in-use and end-of-life - with more detailed subcategories used to pinpoint specific sources of emissions.

The first encompasses the extraction of raw materials, their transport to a point of manufacture and the process of transforming them into construction products.

The second involves transporting construction products to site and the on-site processes involved in assembling them into a building.

The third, most complex, stage covers the maintenance, repair, replacement and refurbishment cycles of the building as well as the use of energy and water during its occupation.

In the final stage, the building is deconstructed and redundant components transported off-site, processed and disposed of.

At each stage, whole-life carbon analysis can identify solutions with lower carbon impacts, delivering considerable savings. Recycling benefits should be included at 鈥減roduct stage鈥� but not 鈥渆nd of life stage鈥�. Future recycling benefits should not be included and can only be reported separately.

04 / WHOLE-LIFE CARBON COST MODEL - PRESTIGE OFFICES

The baseline building for this cost model is an eight-floor 50,000 ft2 speculative prestige office in the City of London, built to a Cat A specification with a net to gross of 80%. The building is fully compliant with the current BCO Guide to Specification.

To aid comparison, the low carbon cost model is based on the same building with the addition of low carbon value engineering options.

To optimise the building鈥檚 whole-life carbon performance, the 50 most carbon-intensive components are first identified.

Each component is then examined to see whether materials of a lower carbon content could be substituted, or if products can be sourced closer to the site or assembled by a more carbon efficient process.

For some products, such as insulation, the relationship with operational emissions needs to be considered in order to avoid over- or under-specification.

These specification choices require dynamic simulation, in which the impact of improving operational performance is considered with respect to the embodied carbon required to achieve it. This marginal analysis often leads to less material specified than if each product was considered in isolation. Examples of these choices are illustrated in the Focus on Cladding section, overleaf.

The interventions do not require any change to the design or appearance of the building, relying only on procurement and constructio