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Equipment and solar loads
Table 1: Cooling loads
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
BanksÌýÌý160 W/m2
Computer suitesÌýÌý400 W/m2 approx
Hotels:ÌýÌý150-300 W/m2
Offices (general)ÌýÌý125 W/m2
ÌýInterior zones more than 7 m from windowsÌý75 W/m2
ÌýPerimeter zones60% glazing120 W/m2
Ìýup to 6 m65% glazing180 W/m2
RestauarantsÌýÌý220 W/m2
Retail buildingsÌýÌý140 W/m2
Table 2: Cooling plant
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
Central cooling plantÌýLoad/m2 of floor area125 W/m2
ÌýÌýLoad/m3 of floor volume 40 W/m3
Distributed cooling plantÌýLoad/m2 of floor area140 W/m2
ÌýÌýLoad/m3 of floor volume45 W/m3
Electrical power for refrigeration plantkW/kW cooling capacityCentral plant0·5 kW/kW
ÌýÌýDistributed plant0·78 kW/kW
Table 3: Solar gains (floor area)
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
Windows with internal blindsJune-SeptemberSouth facing250 W/m2 of glass
ÌýJune-SeptemberEast-West facing150 W/m2 of glass
Clear double glazed with internal blindsOut of town buildingsAll data for 6 m deep, 2650 W instant
ÌýÌý1500 mm wide module. U-value 3·3 W/m2K2490 W lag (mass)
As above with flat slabPlus brise soleilÌý1860 W instant
ÌýÌýÌý1710 lag (mass)
As above with coffered slab Plus brise soleilÌý1860 W instant
ÌýÌýÌý1680 lag (mass)
Table 4: Heat loads
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
General buildingsÌýFloor area90 W/m2 (30 W/m2)
Educational buildingsÌýÌý100 W/m2
Industrial buildingsÌýÌý80 W/m2
OfficesÌýÌý70 W/m2
Residential buildingsÌýÌý60 W/m2
Retail buildingsÌýÌý110 W/m2
Heat gainsOfficesMetabolic10 W/m2
ÌýÌýLighting12 W/m2
ÌýGeneral officesSmall power loads (diversified over minimum of 1000 m2)15 W/m2
Electrical systems
Table 1: Electrical supplies and loads
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
Electrical supplyElectrical motorsAbove 3 kW rating3-phase supply
ÌýElectrical motorsUp to and including 3 kW ratingDirect on-line starting
ÌýElectrical motorsAbove 4 kW ratingAssisted start
Electrical services load per m2 of building floor area for offices unless otherwise statedLightingÌý10-12 W/m2
ÌýSmall power diversified over a minimum of 1000 m2Ìý15 W/m2
ÌýAir conditioningÌý60 W/m2
ÌýPassenger liftsÌý10 W/m2
ÌýSmall computer roomNet area200-400 W/m2
ÌýBespoke call centresNet area500-1000 W/m2
Total load (kVA) Design allowance for future expansion (percentage)Total building loadÌýTotal kW/0·8
ÌýPercentage increase in loadÌýAdd 25% to exisitng capacity
Water consumption
Table 1: Hot water demand, daily
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
DwellingsSingle bedroomÌý115 litres/bedroom
ÌýTwo bedroomsÌý75 litres/bedroom
ÌýMore than three bedroomsÌý55 litres/bedroom
Student accommodation, nurses’, children’s and sheltered homeÌýÌý70 litres/bedroom
Care homeÌýÌý90 litres/bedroom
HotelsBudgetÌý115 litres/bedroom
ÌýFour/five starÌý135 litres/bedroom
Offices, shops, factoriesWith canteenÌý15 litres/person
ÌýNo canteenÌý10 litres/person
SchoolsDay schoolÌý15 litres/pupil
ÌýBoarding schoolÌý114 litres/pupil
HospitalsDistrict generalÌý200 litres/bed
ÌýSurgical and medical wardsÌý110 litres/bed
ÌýPaediatric wardsÌý125 litres/bed
ÌýGeriatric wardsÌý70 litres/bed
Sports changing roomsSports hall and swimming pool20 litres/personÌý
ÌýField and all weather pitchÌý35 litres/person
Places of assemblyArt gallery, bars and libraryÌý2 litres/person (excluding staff)
ÌýMuseum, theatre, cinema and night club1 litre/person (excluding staff)Ìý
Table 2: Water demand, daily
Design areaApplicationOther informationRule of thumb
DwellingsSingle bedroomÌý210 litres/bedroom
ÌýTwo bedroomsÌý130 litres/bedroom
ÌýOver three bedroomsÌý100 litres/bedroom
Student accommodationÌýÌý90-100 litres/bedroom
Nurses’ homes and sheltered homesÌýÌý120 litres/bed space
Children’s home, and elderly care homeÌýÌý135 litres/bed space
PrisonÌýÌý150 litres/inmate
HotelsBudgetÌý135-150 litres/bedroom
ÌýFour/five starÌý200 litres/bedroom
Offices, shops, factoriesWith canteenÌý45 litres/person
ÌýNo canteenÌý40 litres/person
SchoolsNursery and primaryÌý15 litres/pupil
ÌýSecondaryÌý20 litres/pupil
ÌýBoardingÌý90 litres/pupil
HospitalsDistrict generalÌý600 litres/bed
ÌýSurgical wardsÌý220 litres/bed
ÌýMedical wardsÌý220 litres/bed
ÌýPaediatric wardsÌý300 litres/bed
ÌýGeriatricÌý140 litres/bed
Sports changing roomsSports hall and swimming pool20 litres/personÌý
Field and all weather pitchÌýÌý35 litres/person
Places of assemblyArt gallery, library and museum6 litres/person (excluding staff)Ìý
ÌýBars and night clubÌý4 litres/person (excluding staff)